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The Relation Between the Military and Religion in the Political Regimes of Iran and Turkey
Wei, Jifu ; Salamon, Janusz (advisor) ; Riegl, Martin (referee)
In the Middle East region, Iran and Turkey are influential powers, and both countries have relatively stable regimes in the Middle East countries. The two countries have chosen different paths after their political transformation. After reviewing the political practice of the two countries, due to different political environments, the two armies and religions have played prominent but different roles. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the army was the protector of the regime, while religion played a leading role. After Kemal Ataturk established power, Turkey took a completely secularized road. The Turkish army was the defender of the secularized path independent of the government in the Turkish regime, while Islamic religion tried to exert influence as a political party. In addition, the article discusses whether it is based on complete secularization or is derived from Islamic religious tradition, which is a feasible way to modernize Islamic countries. At present, since Islam still has considerable influence, only by adapting Islam to the needs of modern society and making modernization the internal needs of Islam can Islamic countries be successfully modernized.
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Attempt at Democratic Transition in Iran 1997-2000
Koláček, Jakub ; Maslowski, Nicolas (advisor) ; Německý, Marek (referee)
The thesis "Attempt at Democratic Transition in Iran 1997-2000" analyzes the developement of restricted liberalization and democratization, which was started in Iran in Spring 1997 by election of reformist presidential candidate Muhammad Khatami into office. The essay looks on theese events as a result of the longer cultural change which occured in Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution and as a consequence of the cleavages which split the Iranian political space into several different streams. The thesis uses a theoretical perspective based on the idea that Iran, in the course of 20th century, constantly evolved in the form of modern national state for which the Islamic revolution was but a regime change, which replaced one authoritarianism for another with a different ideology. Based on this perspective the events after the Khatami election are analyzed in terms of the transitologic theory through which the essay examines the specific dynamcis of political contest between the softliners who push for a democratization of the regime and the hardliners who take pains to preserve the authoritarian practice based on the theory of "The Rule of the Jurisconsult" articulated first by the founder of the Islamic Republic, Ruhollah Khomeini.
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Ja'far as-Sādiq: the founder of Shi'ite jurisprudence
Sklenařík, Jakub ; Kropáček, Luboš (advisor) ; Ťupek, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor's thesis is focused on Imam Ja'far al-Ṣadiq as the leading figure of Shiite jurisprudence. The first chapter deals with late general history of the Umayyad Caliphate, because the Imam lived under it's conditions. Next, the thesis is concerned with the Shiite movement of this period and with some extreme thoughts as well. Then it continues on to study the early legal thought of Islam.The second chapter presents available information about Ja'far's life. The main part of this thesis adresses his thoughts on various subjects across different sciences. Some of these thoughts which are still alive, mostly those which deal with Shia beliefs. The result of this thesis is an evaluation whether Ja'far can be truly regarded as a founder of Shiite jurisprudence or not and the answer will depend on individual point of view. In the end it is not that important whether we describe him as a founder, as an organizer or as a key figure, because the answer will still be positive.
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The visual matter of Hezbollah on Southern suburb of Beirut
Harmach, Daniel ; Pelikán, Petr (advisor) ; Abu Ghosh, Yasar (referee)
The author of the graduation research on the theme Visual Matter of Hezbollah on Southern Suburb of Beirut deals with the issue by unconventional approach of sociocultural anthropology. Through the application of Alfred Gell's and Robert Layton's art theory he assess what are the values incorporated in material culture of Hezbollah using to its self presentation. The author provides a description of examples and subsequently finds parallels in the material objects and what kind of an agency these objects are carrying. The paper is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The opening of the work also briefly deals with the history of Lebanon's shia confession and as well as history of the movement itself. Further, the empirical part is divided into three sections. The first is devoted to poster's and billboard's expression of Hezbollah, the second is focused on the urban estate of southern suburbs of Beirut and in the last section the author focused on small souvenir items and things of daily use. Finally, he concludes that the material culture of Hezbollah in Dahieh seem to be connected in logical but unexpected contexts - the art with politics, communication with the urban space and technology with culture. Moreover, the author also describes a noticeable trend in the commoditization of goods bearing...
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Political development in post-Saddam Iraq. The Shia between sectarianism and nationalism.
Klasová, Pamela Markéta ; Gombár, Eduard (advisor) ; Ženka, Josef (referee)
This thesis examines the Iraqi Shia community's evolving approach towards and their position in the Iraqi state, especially after the American-led invasion in 2003. The focus is on concepts of nationalism, sectarianism, and identity within the Iraqi state and the Shia community. This thesis is subdivided into two main parts, the first of which considers the time period before 2003. Contemporary Shia identity and standing in Iraq was forged in the crucible of pre-2003 Iraq, so a thorough background in this time period is essential for understanding events after the invasion. Since the founding of the modern Iraqi state, and even during Ottoman times, Shias have traditionally been excluded from positions of power. This political division reflected the socioeconomic divide between the wealthier Sunni and poorer Shia communities. This situation resulted in sharp barriers between Sunnis and Shias. Although the Sunni-dominated monarchy was not actively trying to incorporate the Shias, economic and educational progress eventually reached some in the Shia community beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, and several of these sectarian barriers faded. Partly due to a secularizing trend, the 1950s and 1960s (the "intermezzo" republican period) witnessed the greatest amount of intermingling between these sects in...
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Comparison of Hamas and Hezbollah in the Fight for the Holy Land
PILNÁ, Martina
This work deals with comparison of basic characteristics of Hamas and Hezbollah in the fight against State of Israel. Because one of these movements is sunni and other belongs to shia Islam, the first chapter is devoted to the birth of schism in Islam. In the following two sections are both of the movements presented in terms of their origins, structures and aims. The fourth chapter describes the sequence of events in Israel and Palestine territory after fall of the Ottoman Empire until 1982, when Hezbollah movement came out. The following fifth chapter is engaged in armed struggle of Hamas and Hezbollah against the State of Israel and solves dilemma of suicide attacks. Final chapter is devoted to political efforts of both organizations.
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